基于转录组的苹小卷叶蛾杀虫剂靶标及解毒代谢相关基因分析

【目的】建立苹小卷叶蛾Adoxophyes orana转录组数据库,挖掘杀虫剂靶标及解毒代谢相关基因。【方法】采用Illumina HiSeq~(TM) 2000高通量测序技术对苹小卷叶蛾进行转录组测序,挖掘并分析杀虫剂靶标基因;利用qPCR检测6个杀虫剂靶标基因在苹小卷叶蛾卵、幼虫、蛹和成虫各不同发育阶段的表达;挖掘并分析苹小卷叶蛾转录组中解毒代谢相关基因的代谢通路及进化关系。【结果】通过组装有效序列共获得48 610条unigene(GenBank登录号:GGMW00000000)。挖掘鉴定到155个杀虫剂靶标unigene;qPCR结果显示,1个蜕皮激素受体(ecdysone receptor, ECR)、2个乙酰胆碱酯酶(acetylcholinesterase, AChE)、1个氯离子通道蛋白(chloride channel, CLC)、1个几丁质酶(chitinase, CS)和1个鱼尼丁受体(ryanodine receptor, RyR)基因在苹小卷叶蛾不同发育阶段均存在表达差异。挖掘鉴定到69个羧酸酯酶(carboxylesterase, CarE)unigene、66个谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(glutathion S-transferase, GST)unigene和205个细胞色素P450(cytochrome P450)unigene等解毒代谢相关基因,共鉴定20个CarE unigene, 32个GST unigene和30个P450 unigene与有毒物质代谢相关的通路有关。基于氨基酸序列对具有完整ORF的unigene聚类分析结果显示:12个CarEs中9个为G类,即鳞翅目保幼激素类;分别有10个AoGSTs属于Delta和Epsilon亚家族;18个P450全部聚到CYP3集团。【结论】该研究有助于苹小卷叶蛾杀虫剂靶标基因的挖掘及抗药性的研究。     

Bridging the generation gap: flowering plant gametophytes and animal germlines reveal unexpected similarities

Alternation of generations underpins all plant life histories and is held to possess important adaptive features. A wide range of data have accumulated over the past century which suggest that alternation from sporophyte to gametophyte in angiosperms includes a significant phase of 'informational reprogramming', leaving the founder cells of the gametophyte developmentally uncommitted. This review attempts to bring together results from these historic studies with more recent data on molecular and epigenetic events which accompany alternation, gametophyte development and gametogenesis in angiosperms. It is striking that most members of the other principal group of multicellular eukaryotes – the animals - have a completely different a life history: animals generate their gametes directly from diploid germlines, often set aside early in development. Nevertheless, a comparison between animal germlines and angiosperm gametophyte development reveals a number of surprising similarities at the cytological and molecular levels. This difference in life history but similarity in developmental process is reviewed in the context of the very different life strategies adopted by plants and animals, and particularly the fact that plants do not set aside diploid germlines early in development.     

基于转录组学分析的丙酸钙对酿酒酵母的抑菌机制

【背景】丙酸钙作为在面包等食品中添加的防腐剂,具有一定的抑菌作用,但目前对其的研究大多聚焦于生化、群体层次。【目的】在分子水平上探究丙酸钙对酵母起抑菌作用的机制。【方法】取实验组和对照组中对数生长期的耐高糖酵母BH1进行转录组测序及分析,并进行实时荧光定量PCR验证。【结果】与6 h对照组(无丙酸钙处理;Control Group,CG)相比,6 h实验组(丙酸钙处理2 h;Calcium Propionate 2 h Group,CP2G)中有1438个差异表达基因,其中643个基因上调,795个基因下调。然而与4 h实验组(丙酸钙处理0h;Calcium Propionate 0h Group,CP0G)相比,CP2G中共有1921个差异表达基因,其中1438个基因上调,483个基因下调。差异表达基因涉及MAPK(Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase)信号途径、细胞周期途径及减数分裂途径等多条途径,细胞壁合成过程也受到影响。【结论】探究了丙酸钙对酵母产生抑菌作用的分子机制,为进一步揭示丙酸钙的抑菌作用机理提供了理论基础。     

Exploring the role of microRNAs in axolotl regeneration

The axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum, is used extensively for research in developmental biology, particularly for its ability to regenerate and restore lost organs, including in the nervous system, to full functionality. Regeneration in mammals typically depends on the healing process and scar formation with limited replacement of lost tissue. Other organisms, such as spiny mice (Acomys cahirinus), salamanders, and zebrafish, are able to regenerate some damaged body components. Blastema is a tissue that is formed after tissue injury in such organisms and is composed of progenitor cells or dedifferentiated cells that differentiate into various cell types during regeneration. Thus, identifying the molecules responsible for initiation of blastema formation is an important aspect for understanding regeneration. Introns, a major source of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), have characteristic sizes in the axolotl, particularly in genes associated with development. These ncRNAs, particularly microRNAs (miRNAs), exhibit dynamic regulation during regeneration. These miRNAs play an essential role in timing and control of gene expression to order and organize processes necessary for blastema creation. Master keys or molecules that underlie the remarkable regenerative abilities of the axolotl remain to be fully explored and exploited. Further and ongoing research on regeneration promises new knowledge that may allow improved repair and renewal of human tissues.     

家蚕5龄幼虫精巢和卵巢microRNA芯片及转录组比较分析

【目的】本研究旨在通过对家蚕Bombyx mori 5龄幼虫精巢和卵巢组织微小RNA (microRNA, miRNA)基因芯片及转录组进行分析,找到参与家蚕性腺发育相关的miRNA分子及可能的靶基因。【方法】采用新一代高通量测序平台对家蚕5龄幼虫精巢和卵巢(分别定义为Test和Control)进行miRNA基因芯片检测及转录组测序分析,根据P＜0.05且log₂(fold change, FC)≥2的标准,通过比较筛选出Test vs Control的差异表达miRNA;根据q≤0.05且|log₂(fold change)|≥1的标准,通过比较筛选出Test vs Control的差异表达基因 (differentially expressed genes, DEGs);随机选取8个上调和12个下调差异表达miRNA,对其表达及其预测的5个靶基因进行qRT-PCR验证;对DEGs以及差异表达miRNA的靶基因进行KEGG通路富集分析。【结果】从精巢和卵巢样本中(Test vs Control)分别鉴定出68个差异表达miRNA和3 991个DEGs,其中上调和下调miRNA分别为36和32个,上调和下调DEGs分别为2 033和1 958个。差异表达miRNA的qRT PCR验证结果均与芯片数据一致。KEGG通路富集分析结果显示DEGs在新陈代谢及核糖体的信号通路显著富集。对差异表达miRNA在DEGs中的可能靶基因进行预测,结果找到了4组表达趋势相反的miRNA与靶基因：分别是bmo-miR-2774a与LOC101745556;bmo-miR-92b与LOC101735954以及bmo-miR-3266与LOC733130和LOC778467;1组表达趋势一致的miRNA与靶基因：bmo-miR-3321与LOC101744895。5个靶基因的qRT-PCR验证结果与转录组测序结果一致。【结论】本研究获得了家蚕5龄幼虫精巢和卵巢转录组及miRNA芯片数据,筛选并验证了4组差异表达和1组一致表达miRNA及潜在靶基因,为探究家蚕精巢和卵巢发育差异奠定了基础。     

亚致死剂量吡虫啉胁迫对意大利蜜蜂工蜂嗅觉学习行为的影响及其脑部转录组分析

【目的】分析吡虫啉处理对意大利蜜蜂Apis mellifera ligustica嗅觉学习行为及脑部基因转录的影响,为新烟碱类杀虫剂对蜜蜂的负面影响提供依据。【方法】实验室条件下一次性饲喂意大利蜜蜂成年工蜂含有4 ng吡虫啉的50%蔗糖溶液,以饲喂不含吡虫啉的50%蔗糖溶液为对照,通过伸吻反应(proboscis extension response, PER)行为实验测定其对意大利蜜蜂成年工蜂嗅觉学习行为的影响;收集上述测试的意大利蜜蜂工蜂脑部提取RNA,进行RNA-Seq测序和生物信息学分析,利用实时荧光定量PCR挑选6个差异表达基因(DEGs)检测其在脑部的表达量以验证RNA-Seq测序结果。【结果】一次性饲喂意大利蜜蜂成年工蜂含4 ng吡虫啉的50%蔗糖溶液后,意大利蜜蜂的嗅觉学习能力与对照组(饲喂50%蔗糖溶液)相比显著降低。RNA-Seq测序结果显示饲喂意大利蜜蜂含4 ng吡虫啉蔗糖溶液后,处理组与对照组之间共有123个DEGs［校正后的P值(padj)<0.05)］,包括82个下调DEGs和41个上调DEGs。GO聚类分析发现下调DEGs主要富集在S-腺苷甲硫氨酸依赖性甲基转移酶活性、酸性磷酸酶活性、氧化还原酶活性、蛋白质异二聚化活性等,上调DEGs主要富集在跨膜受体活性、分子传感器活性、神经学系统过程等功能条目。KEGG富集分析显示下调DEGs主要富集在核糖体和溶酶体等细胞器、碳代谢和色氨酸代谢等代谢通路及Toll和Imd信号通路,上调DEGs未富集在KEGG代谢通路。荧光定量PCR结果显示测试的6个DEGs相对表达量变化趋势与RNA-Seq测序结果FPKM(fragments per kilobase million)值变化趋势一致,证明RNA-Seq测序结果可靠。【结论】亚致死剂量吡虫啉胁迫意大利蜜蜂成年工蜂显著降低意大利蜜蜂的嗅觉学习能力,影响意大利蜜蜂脑部免疫解毒等相关基因的表达和酶活性及氧化还原等生物代谢过程;亚致死剂量吡虫啉短时胁迫会刺激意大利蜜蜂的嗅觉感觉过程及神经信号传导过程。     

杂交兰花色花香生物合成途径的转录组分析

该研究以杂交兰(Cymbidium hybrid)不同花色花香品种‘玉凤’(K18,黄色)和‘福韵丹霞’(K24,紫红色)为材料,采用RNA-Seq技术获得杂交兰不同花期的花朵转录组数据,分析杂交兰不同时期花色/花香相关基因的表达变化,探讨杂交兰花色花香形成的分子机理,为杂交的定向改良和新品种选育提供依据。结果表明:(1)K18和K24分别获得11914和6793个差异表达基因;KEGG注释显示,有58个差异基因与花色花香合成相关;进一步分析发现,类黄酮是K18和K24的主要花色素,其合成基因在小花蕾期显著上调,其中K18通过查尔酮异构酶基因(CHI)、类黄酮-3′,5′羟化酶基因(F3′5′H)和黄酮醇合酶基因(FLS)途径生成黄酮醇,K24则通过花青素合成酶基因(ANS)途径生成花青素。(2)qRT-PCR验证表明,萜类骨架基因羟甲基戊二酰辅酶基因(HMGS)、羟基-3-甲基戊二酰辅酶A还原酶基因(HMGR2)和甲羟戊酸-5-焦磷酸合酶基因(MVD)等的表达量均在K18盛花期最高,同时6个下游的萜烯合酶(TPS)基因在K18中表达量比K24上调100倍以上。(3)定量分析表明,K24、K18中的花色素苷总含量分别为608.74、122.28μg·g-1,K18花色苷含量仅为K24的20%;K24花中色素物质主要成分为矢车菊素苷,使其花色呈红色;K18中飞燕草素苷含量相对较高(花色为黄色)。研究推测,ANS基因的较高表达可能是K24花瓣中花色苷含量高于K18的原因之一,K18通过CHI、F3′5′H、FLS途径积累了大量黄酮醇而不是花青素,从而影响了花朵颜色的决定。